本文结合印尼农业部2024年作物栽培指南和万隆农业大学最新研究成果，特别针对赤道地区马铃薯种植的温光调控、土壤改良等关键技术进行了系统阐述。如需具体区域的定制化方案，可提供更详细的地理参数。

印度尼西亚马铃薯种植管理技术规范

一、地域适应性分析气候特征适配年均温25-28℃（需选择海拔800m以上区域规避高温障碍）年降水量2000-4000mm（需配套排水系统防止块茎腐烂）日照时长12小时/天（推荐遮阳率30%的防护网）

土壤改良方案| 土壤类型   | 改良措施                  | 检测指标           | |------------|---------------------------|--------------------| | 火山灰土   | 增施磷钾肥+生物炭         | pH值维持5.5-6.5   | | 红壤       | 每公顷施腐熟有机肥20吨    | 有机质＞3%        | | 冲积土     | 起垄高度≥30cm             | EC值＜1.2ds/m    |

二、栽培技术要点1. 品种选择推荐耐湿热品种：Atlantic、Granola、Medians种薯处理：2.5%硼酸溶液浸种15分钟2. 田间管理种植密度：行距70cm×株距25cm水肥一体化：采用N-P₂O₅-K₂O=12-24-12配方肥关键生长期控水：块茎膨大期保持土壤含水量60-65%3. 病虫害防治• 晚疫病：72%霜脲锰锌WP 800倍液喷雾 • 青枯病：轮作周期＞3年+枯草芽孢杆菌灌根 • 马铃薯螟：性诱剂+5%甲维盐微乳剂

三、采收与存储最佳采收期：开花后90-100天（雨季前完成）仓储条件：温度10-12℃/湿度85-90%通风库采后处理：1-MCP保鲜剂熏蒸处理四、经济效益分析按当前雅加达市场价格计算：投入成本：约1800万印尼盾/公顷预期产量：25-35吨/公顷净利润区间：4200-6500万印尼盾/公顷

马铃薯作为重要的粮食、蔬菜饲料和加工原料，已发展成为继水稻、玉米、小麦之后的第四大作物。发展马铃薯产业对农民增收特别是贫困山区脱贫致富具有极大的促进作用。

  针对当前发展种植马铃薯的现状，特提出以下主要栽培技术措施：

  选用良种选用良种是马铃薯高产栽培的一个重要环节。

  选地整地马铃薯是不耐连作的作物。种植马铃薯的地块要选择三年内没有种过马铃薯和其它茄科作物的地块。马铃薯对连作反应很敏感，生产上一定要避免连作。如果一块地上连续种植马铃薯，不但引起病害严重，如青枯病等，而且引起土壤养分失调，特别是某些微量元素，使马铃薯生长不良，植株矮小，产量低，品质差。马铃薯与玉米、小麦等植物轮作增产效果较好。

  马铃薯块茎膨大需要疏松肥沃的土壤。因此，种植马铃薯的地块最好选择地势平坦，有灌溉条件，且排水良好、耕层深厚、疏松的砂壤土。前作收获后，要进行深耕细耙，然后作畦。畦的宽窄和高低要视地势、土壤水分而定。地势高排水良好的可作宽畦，地势低，排水不良的则要作窄畦或高畦。

  施足基肥马铃薯在生长期中形成大量的茎叶和块茎，因此，需要的营养物质较多。肥料三要素中，以钾的需要量最多，氮次之，磷最少。施足基肥对马铃薯增产起着重要的作用。马铃薯的基肥要占总用肥量的3/5或2/3。基肥以腐熟的堆厩肥和人畜粪等有机肥为主，配合磷、钾肥。一般亩施有机肥1000~1500公斤，过磷酸钙15~25公斤，草木灰100~150公斤。基肥应结合作畦或挖穴施于10厘米以下的土层中，以利于植株吸收和疏松结薯层。播种时，每亩用腐熟的人畜粪尿20~30担，或氮素化肥5~8公斤作种肥，使出苗迅速而整齐，促苗健壮生长。

  

种薯处理

  1.精选种薯：在选用良种的基础上，选择薯形规整，具有本品种典型特征，薯皮光滑、色泽鲜明，重量为1~2两大小适中的健康种薯作种。选择种薯时，要严格去除表皮龟裂、畸形、尖头、芽眼坏死、生有病斑或脐部黑腐的块茎。

  2.切块与小整薯作种：种薯切块种植，能促进块茎内外氧气交换，破除休眠，提早发芽和出苗。但切块时，易通过切刀传病，引起烂种、缺苗或增加田间发病率，加快品种退化。切块过大，用种量大，一般以切成20~30克为宜。切块时要纵切，使每一个切块都带有顶端优势的芽眼。切块时要剔除病薯，切块的用具要严格消毒，以防传病。小整薯作种，可避免切刀传病，而且小整薯的生活力和抗旱力强，播后出苗早而整齐，每穴芽数、主茎数及块茎数增多。因而采用25克左右健壮小薯作种，有显著的防病增产效果。但小薯一般生长期短，成熟度低，休眠期长，而且后期常有早衰现象。栽培上需要掌握适当的密度、作好催芽处理，增施钾肥，并配合相应的氮磷肥，才能发挥小薯作种的生产潜力。

  3.催芽：催芽是马铃薯栽培中一个防病丰产的重要措施。播前催芽，可以促进早熟，提高产量。同时，催芽过程中，可淘汰病烂薯，减少播种后田间病株率或缺苗断条，有利于全苗壮苗。催芽方法：将种薯与沙分层相间放置，厚度约3~4层，并保持在20℃左右的最适温度和经常湿润的状态下，种薯经10天左右即可萌芽。催芽时，种薯用0.5~1ppm赤霉素液或0.1%~0.2%高锰酸钾液浸种10~15分钟或用2%硫脲浸种20分钟，均可提高催芽效果。

  适时播种确定马铃薯播种适期的重要条件是生育期的温度。原则上要使马铃薯结薯盛期处在日平均温度15℃~25℃条件下。而适于块茎持续生长的这段时期愈长，总重量也愈高。多数是收了晚稻或中稻以后种植。秋薯以9月下旬至10月下旬播种为好，冬薯以12月下旬至1月中旬播种为宜。

  合理密植构成马铃薯的产量因素是单位面积株数与单株产量的乘积。单株产量是由单株结薯数字与单薯重确定的。而群体增产与单株增产之间是矛盾的。当单位面积株数增加时，单株产量相应降低，两者都与栽植密度存在着一定依存关系。在一定密度的范围内，群体的产量随密度的增加而增加；单株产量随密度的增加而降低。因此，确定密度必须考虑群体产量与个体产量两个相矛盾因素协调统一。如果密度小时，虽然单株发育好，产量高，但由于单位面积内总株数小，结薯较少，产量不高。如果密度过大，虽然总株数多，但单薯重很低，同样产量不高。因此，合理密植就是要使单位面积内有一个合理的群体结构，既能使个体发育良好，又能发挥群体的增产作用，以充分利用光能、地力，从而获得高产。从群体和个体协调发展考虑，马铃薯在一般栽培水平下，每亩种6000株左右，每株2~3茎较为适宜。

This paper combines the 2024 Crop Cultivation Guidelines of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture and the latest research results of Bandung Agricultural University, especially focusing on key technologies such as temperature and light regulation and soil improvement for potato cultivation in the equatorial region. For region-specific customization, more detailed geographical parameters are available.

Technical specifications for potato planting management in Indonesia

1. Regional adaptability analysis: climate characteristics adaptation: annual average temperature 25-28°C (need to choose an area above 800m above sea level to avoid high temperature obstacles), annual precipitation 2000-4000mm (need to be equipped with a drainage system to prevent tuber rot), sunshine time 12 hours/day (recommended protective net with a shading rate of 30%)

Soil Improvement Program | Soil Type | Improvement Measures | Detection Indicators | |------------|---------------------------|--------------------| | Volcanic ash soil | Increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer Biochar | pH maintained at 5.5-6.5 | | Red soil | 20 tons of decomposed organic fertilizer per hectare | Organic matter > 3% | | Alluvial soil | Ridge height≥ 30cm | EC value < 1.2ds/m |

2. Key points of cultivation technology 1. Variety selection recommended damp and heat tolerant varieties: Atlantic, Granola, Medians Seed potato treatment: 2.5% boric acid solution soaked for 15 minutes2. Planting density for field management: row spacing 70cm× plant spacing 25cm Water and fertilizer integration: N-P₂O₅-K₂O=12-24-12 formula fertilizer for water control during key growth period: maintain soil moisture content 60-65% during tuber expansion stage3. Pest and disease control • Late blight: 72% frosturea manganese zinc WP 800 times liquid spray • Bacterial wilt: crop rotation period > 3 years Bacillus subtilis root irrigation • Potato borer: sex attractant 5% amretinin microemulsion

3. Harvest and storage Optimal harvest period: 90-100 days after flowering (completed before the rainy season) Storage conditions: temperature 10-12°C/humidity 85-90% Ventilation warehouse post-harvest treatment: 1-MCP preservative fumigation treatment 4. Economic benefit analysis Calculated according to the current Jakarta market price: Input cost: about IDR 18 million/ha Expected output: 25-35 tons/ha Net profit range: IDR 4200-65 million/ha

As an important grain, vegetable feed and processing raw material, potatoes have developed into the fourth largest crop after rice, corn and wheat. The development of the potato industry has a great role in promoting farmers' income, especially in poor mountainous areas.

In view of the current situation of potato cultivation, the following main cultivation technical measures are proposed:

Selection of good varieties The selection of good varieties is an important part of the high-yield cultivation of potatoes.

Potatoes are crops that are not resistant to continuous cropping. For planting potatoes, choose plots that have not been planted with potatoes and other nightshade crops within three years. Potatoes are very sensitive to continuous cropping, and continuous cropping must be avoided in production. If potatoes are planted continuously on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially certain trace elements, which will make the potatoes grow poorly, the plants will be short, the yield will be low, and the quality will be poor. Potato, corn, wheat and other plants have a good effect on crop rotation.

Potato tubers need loose and fertile soil. Therefore, it is best to choose a plot with flat terrain, irrigation conditions, good drainage, deep cultivation layer, loose sandy loam soil. After harvesting, deep plowing and careful raking should be carried out, and then the beds should be made. The width and height of the ridge should depend on the terrain and soil moisture. High terrain and good drainage can be made into wide beds, and low terrain and poor drainage should be made into narrow or high beds.
Potatoes with sufficient base fertilizer form a large number of stems, leaves and tubers during the growth period, so they need more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most needed, followed by nitrogen, and phosphorus is the least. Sufficient application of base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing potato yield. The base fertilizer of potatoes should account for 3/5 or 2/3 of the total fertilizer consumption. The base fertilizer is mainly decomposed compost manure and human and animal manure and other organic fertilizers, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Generally, 1000~1500 kg of organic fertilizer, 15~25 kg of superphosphate, and 100~150 kg of plant ash are applied per mu. The base fertilizer should be applied to the soil layer below 10 cm in the bed or digging holes to facilitate plant absorption and loosen the potato layer. When sowing, use 20~30 loads of decomposed human and animal manure and urine, or 5~8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu as seed fertilizer, so that the seedlings emerge quickly and neatly, and promote the strong growth of seedlings.

Seed potato treatment

1. Selected seed potatoes: On the basis of selecting good varieties, the potato shape is regular, with the typical characteristics of this variety, the potato skin is smooth, the color is bright, and the weight is 1~2 taels of moderate size healthy seed potatoes for seeding. When choosing seed potatoes, it is necessary to strictly remove the tubers with cracked epidermis, deformities, pointed tips, necrosis of the bud eyes, lesions or black rot in the umbilical region.

2. Cutting and planting small whole potatoes: Seed potatoes can promote oxygen exchange inside and outside the tubers, break dormancy, and germinate and emerge early. However, when cutting, it is easy to transmit diseases through cutters, causing rotten seeds, lack of seedlings or increasing the incidence of fields, and accelerating the degradation of varieties. If the cut is too large, the amount of seeds used is large, and it is generally appropriate to cut it into 20~30 grams. When cutting, cut lengthwise, so that each cut has a bud eye with the top advantage. Sick potatoes should be removed when cutting, and the cutting utensils should be strictly disinfected to prevent the transmission of diseases. Small whole potatoes can avoid cutting knife transmission of diseases, and small whole potatoes have strong vitality and drought resistance, and the seedlings emerge early and neat after sowing, and the number of buds, main stems and tubers in each hole increases. Therefore, the use of about 25 grams of strong potatoes for seedling has a significant effect on disease prevention and yield increase. However, small potatoes generally have a short growth period, low maturity, long dormant period, and often have premature aging in the later stage. In cultivation, it is necessary to master the appropriate density, do a good germination treatment, increase potassium fertilizer, and cooperate with the corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in order to give full play to the production potential of small potato seeds.

3. Germination: Germination is an important measure to prevent disease and yield in potato cultivation. Promoting germination before sowing can promote early ripening and increase yield. At the same time, in the process of germination, diseased and rotten potatoes can be eliminated, reducing the rate of diseased plants in the field or lacking seedlings after sowing, which is conducive to the whole seedling and strengthening the seedlings. Germination method: Place the seed potato and sand in layers, about 3~4 layers thick, and keep it at the optimal temperature of about 20 °C and often moist, the seed potato can germinate in about 10 days. When germinating, seed potatoes can be soaked in 0.5~1ppm gibberellin solution or 0.1%~0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 10~15 minutes or 2% thiourea for 20 minutes, which can improve the germination effect.

Timely sowing An important condition for determining the right time for potato sowing is the temperature during the growth period. In principle, the peak period of potato formation should be under the condition of average daily temperature of 15°C~25°C. The longer the period suitable for the continuous growth of the tuber, the higher the total weight. Most of them are planted after harvesting late or medium rice. Autumn potatoes should be sown from late September to late October, and winter potatoes should be sown from late December to mid-January.

The yield factor of reasonable dense planting is the product of the number of plants per unit area and the yield per plant. The yield per plant was determined by the number of potatoes per plant and the weight of the potatoes. There is a contradiction between group yield increase and single plant yield increase. When the number of plants per unit area increased, the yield per plant decreased accordingly, and both were dependent on planting density. Within a certain density, the yield of the colony increases with the increase of density. The yield per plant decreased with the increase of density. Therefore, the density must be determined by considering the coordination of two contradictory factors, group yield and individual yield. If the density is small, although the single plant develops well and the yield is high, the yield is not high due to the small total number of plants per unit area and the small number of potatoes in the unit area. If the density is too large, although the total number of plants is large, the weight of a single potato is very low, and the yield is not high. Therefore, reasonable dense planting is to make a reasonable group structure in the unit area, which can not only make the individual develop well, but also play the role of increasing the yield of the group, so as to make full use of light energy and soil fertility, so as to obtain high yields. From the perspective of coordinated development of groups and individuals, it is more suitable to plant about 6,000 plants per mu of potatoes at the general cultivation level, with 2~3 stems per plant.