关于非洲蓟马的防治，这是一个在农业，特别是花卉、果蔬种植中常见的问题。首先需要明确一点：“非洲蓟马”这个称呼通常指的是烟蓟马，也称葱蓟马，是一种世界性的重要害虫，并非只存在于非洲。

防治蓟马不能单纯依赖一种药物，必须采取“预防为主，综合防治”的策略。以下是详细的防治用药方案和综合管理建议：

一、化学药剂防治（核心手段）

化学药剂是快速压低虫口数量的关键措施。由于蓟马繁殖快、易产生抗药性，必须注意轮换用药和混合用药。

1. 内吸性药剂

这类药剂被植物吸收，蓟马在取食时中毒，对隐藏的若虫效果较好。

• 噻虫嗪： 如阿克泰，兼具胃毒和触杀作用，持效期较长。

• 吡虫啉： 如康福多，广谱内吸性杀虫剂，但多年使用地区抗性可能较高。

• 螺虫乙酯： 如亩旺特，具有内吸传导性，能抑制幼虫发育，对卵也有一定效果，持效期长。

2. 触杀和胃毒型药剂

这类药剂直接接触虫体或通过取食进入体内生效。

• 乙基多杀菌素： 如艾绿士，生物源杀虫剂，高效低毒，对蓟马特效，是目前的主流选择之一。

• 甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐： 简称甲维盐，广谱杀虫剂，对蓟马有较好的触杀和胃毒作用。

• 唑虫酰胺： 如卡猛瑞，触杀性强，具有杀卵、蜕皮抑制和摄食抑制作用。

• 联苯菊酯 或 高效氯氟氰菊酯： 拟除虫菊酯类药剂，击倒速度快，但抗性发展也快，建议与其他不同机理的药剂混用。

• 虫螨腈： 如溴虫腈，具有胃毒和触杀作用，对多种抗性蓟马效果好。

• 氟啶虫胺腈： 如可立施，具有内吸和触杀作用，对刺吸式口器害虫高效。

3. 用药关键技巧

• 轮换用药： 不要连续使用同一作用机理的药剂。可以将上述内吸性、触杀性、生物源等不同类型的药剂进行轮换。

• 混合用药： 为提高防效和延缓抗性，常将内吸性药剂（如噻虫嗪）与触杀性药剂（如乙基多杀菌素、甲维盐）混合使用。

• 喷药时间和方法：

  • 时间： 选择在早晨或傍晚喷药，因为此时蓟马活动较活跃。避免在中午高温强光时施药。

  • 部位： 重点喷洒花器、幼嫩组织、叶片背面、土壤表面等蓟马隐藏和活动的部位。务必喷匀喷透。

  • 添加助剂： 在药液中加入有机硅等展着剂或植物油助剂，可以增强药液在植物表面的铺展和渗透能力，提高杀虫效果。

二、物理和生物防治（辅助与预防）

单纯依靠化学防治很难根除，必须结合以下方法：

1. 物理防治

• 蓝色粘虫板： 蓟马对蓝色有强烈的趋性。在作物上方（略高于植株）悬挂蓝色粘虫板，可以诱杀成虫，同时起到监测虫口密度的作用。

• 清理病残体： 及时清除田间的杂草、病叶、残花，并带出田外销毁，减少蓟马的栖息地和越冬虫源。

2. 生物防治

• 捕食螨： 如巴氏新小绥螨，可以释放到田间捕食蓟马。

• 昆虫病原线虫： 可以应用于土壤，防治在土中化蛹的蓟马。

• 保护利用天敌： 如草蛉、瓢虫等，在田间创造有利于天敌生存的环境。

综合防治方案建议

1. 预防期： 悬挂蓝色粘虫板进行监测。定植前可用噻虫嗪等内吸性药剂灌根或处理土壤。

2. 发现初期： 当粘虫板上或植株上发现少量蓟马时，立即施药。可选用乙基多杀菌素 + 噻虫嗪的组合，进行全面喷洒。

3. 爆发期： 如果虫口密度大，建议使用强效组合，如虫螨腈 + 吡虫啉，或唑虫酰胺 + 甲维盐，并确保5-7天后再次用药，连续2-3次，彻底打断其繁殖周期。

4. 持续管理： 在用药间隙，持续使用蓝板监测，并结合农业措施（清园、除草等），有条件可引入生物天敌。

重要提示：

• 在使用任何农药前，请务必仔细阅读产品标签，按照推荐的剂量和使用说明进行操作。

• 注意农药的安全间隔期，特别是在果蔬接近采收期时。

• 由于不同地区的蓟马种群可能对特定药剂产生抗性，最好咨询当地的农业技术推广部门，获取最适合本地的防治方案。

Controlling African thrips is a common problem in agriculture, especially in floriculture, fruit and vegetable cultivation. First, it's important to clarify that "African thrips" usually refers to tobacco thrips, also known as onion thrips, a significant global pest not limited to Africa.

Thrips control cannot rely solely on a single pesticide; a "prevention-first, integrated management" strategy is essential. Below are detailed control pesticide plans and integrated management recommendations:

I. Chemical Control (Core Method)
Chemical pesticides are crucial for rapidly reducing thrips populations. Due to their rapid reproduction and tendency to develop resistance, it's essential to rotate pesticides and use pesticide combinations.

1. Systemic Pesticides
These pesticides are absorbed by plants, poisoning thrips when they feed. They are particularly effective against hidden nymphs.

Thiamethoxam: Such as Actara, possessing both stomach poison and contact action, with a long residual effect.

Imidacloprid: Such as Confido, a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide, but resistance may be high in areas with long-term use.

Spirotetramat: Such as tebufenozide, it has systemic activity, inhibits larval development, and also has some effect on eggs, with a long residual effect.

2. Contact and Stomach Poison Agents: These agents work by direct contact with the insect or through ingestion.

Ethyl spinosad: Such as chlorpyrifos, a bio-based insecticide, highly effective and low in toxicity, especially effective against thrips, and is currently one of the mainstream choices.

Abamectin benzoate: Abamectin benzoate, a broad-spectrum insecticide with good contact and stomach poison effects against thrips.

Azoxystrobin: Such as chlorfenapyr, strong contact agent, with ovicidal, molting inhibitory, and feeding inhibitory effects.

Bifenthrin or Lambda-cyhalothrin: Pyrethroid insecticides, with rapid knockdown, but resistance development is also rapid; it is recommended to use them in combination with other agents with different mechanisms of action.

Chlorfenapyr: Such as brofenoxam, it has stomach poison and contact action, and is effective against many resistant thrips.

Flupyraclostrobin: Such as chlorfenapyr, it has systemic and contact action, and is highly effective against piercing-sucking pests.

3. Key Techniques for Pesticide Application

Rotation of Pesticides: Do not use pesticides with the same mechanism of action consecutively. Rotate different types of pesticides, such as systemic, contact, and bio-based pesticides.

Mixed Pesticides: To improve efficacy and delay resistance development, systemic pesticides (such as thiamethoxam) are often mixed with contact pesticides (such as spinosad and abamectin).

Spraying Time and Method:

Time: Choose to spray in the morning or evening, as thrips are more active at these times. Avoid spraying during midday when temperatures are high and sunlight is strong.

Location: Focus on spraying the flower parts, young tissues, the undersides of leaves, and the soil surface—areas where thrips hide and are active. Ensure even and thorough spraying.

Adding adjuvants: Adding spreading agents such as organosilicon or plant oil adjuvants to the pesticide solution can enhance its spreading and penetration ability on the plant surface, improving the insecticidal effect.

II. Physical and Biological Control (Assistance and Prevention) Chemical control alone is difficult to eradicate; the following methods must be combined:

1. Physical Control
* Blue sticky traps: Thrips are strongly attracted to blue. Hanging blue sticky traps above the crop (slightly above the plant) can attract and kill adult thrips, while also monitoring thrips population density.

* Cleaning up diseased plant debris: Promptly remove weeds, diseased leaves, and withered flowers from the field and destroy them outside the field to reduce thrips habitat and overwintering sources.

2. Biological Control
* Predatory mites: Such as *Neoseiu's pasteurellium*, can be released into the field to prey on thrips.

* Insect-pathogenic nematodes: Can be applied to the soil to control thrips pupating in the soil.

Protect and utilize natural enemies: Create favorable environments for natural enemies such as lacewings and ladybugs in the field.

Integrated pest control recommendations:

Prevention period: Monitor with blue sticky traps. Before planting, drench the roots or treat the soil with systemic pesticides such as thiamethoxam.

Early detection: Apply pesticides immediately when a small number of thrips are found on the sticky traps or plants. A combination of spinosad and thiamethoxam can be used for comprehensive spraying.

Outbreak period: If the insect population density is high, it is recommended to use a strong combination, such as chlorfenapyr + imidacloprid, or acetamiprid + abamectin, and ensure a second application after 5-7 days, for 2-3 consecutive applications to completely interrupt their reproductive cycle.

Continuous management: During the intervals between pesticide applications, continue monitoring with blue sticky traps and combine with agricultural measures (field sanitation, weeding, etc.). Introduce biological enemies if possible.

Important note:

Before using any pesticide, please carefully read the product label and follow the recommended dosage and instructions for use.

Pay attention to the safe interval for pesticide application, especially when fruits and vegetables are nearing harvest.

Since thrips populations in different regions may develop resistance to specific pesticides, it is best to consult your local agricultural extension service for the most suitable control measures for your area.